Curzerene is a sesquiterpene compound, specifically a guaiane-type sesquiterpene, which is a major volatile component found in the essential oil of *Curcuma zedoaria* (zedoary) and other *Curcuma* species. It is characterized by a bicyclic structure with an exocyclic double bond. Extensive pharmacological studies have identified curzerene as a bioactive natural product with significant anti-tumor and anti-cancer properties. Research indicates it can inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cell lines, including liver, lung, breast, and gastric cancer cells, through mechanisms involving the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of metastasis. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities also contribute to its therapeutic potential. These properties position it as a promising candidate for anti-cancer drug development. Beyond its direct pharmacological role, curzerene serves as a chemical marker for the quality control of *Curcuma*-based traditional medicines and essential oils. Its biological activities are also explored in other areas such as antimicrobial and insecticidal applications, though its primary research focus remains in oncology.