Dolutegravir sodium is the sodium salt form of dolutegravir, an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI). It is a white to off-white crystalline powder. The compound is structurally characterized by a carbamoyl pyridone core, which is essential for its mechanism of action. Dolutegravir sodium is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. It works by selectively inhibiting the viral integrase enzyme, thereby blocking the integration of viral DNA into the host genome, a critical step in the HIV replication cycle. It is a key component in several fixed-dose combination therapies for both treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients. This API is known for its high genetic barrier to resistance and favorable pharmacokinetic profile. It is a critical component in global efforts to combat HIV/AIDS.